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Home Gardeners: Garden Pests |
| APHIDS (Aphis gossypii (Cotton/Melon Aphid), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Potato Aphid), Aulacorthum solani (Glasshouse Potato/Fox Glove Aphid), Myzus persicae (Green Peach Aphid)) |
| | Aphids have always been a problem for the plant enthusiast and commercial grower. However, as time has passed, aphid infestations have become a more prominent problem, especially in the horticulture sector. As a result of their enormous reproductive capability, aphids can cause severe damage to a myriad of plants. In addition their ever-increasing resistance to pesticides greatly enhances their destructive capability.
--BIOLOGY--
An aphid population consists of viviparous females. Young aphids are born and immediately start feeding on plant sap. They grow quickly and molt four times before they become adults. The resulting characteristic white skins left behind betray the presence of aphids. Winged adults develop at high densities, enabling rapid spreading to other plants from hot spot areas.
--DAMAGE--
Direct feeding on plant sap, excretion of honeydew, and the injection of toxic substances cause crop damage. Plant growth is halted and leaves become curled. Honeydew dirties fruit and leaves, and is also a medium for the growth of fungus. Aphids can also transmit and spread viruses.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Biological control of aphids is possible with the Koppert products listed below. |
| BLACK VINE WEEVIL (Otiorhynchus spp.) |
| | The black vine weevil is a pest that can cause enormous damage in many ornamental crops. The larvae of the beetle are not easily controlled chemically: not only because they are hidden in the soil, but also because of their acquired resistance to many pesticides.
--BIOLOGY--
The black vine weevil goes through four stages of development: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Adult black vine weevils are "walkers", i.e. they cannot fly. They are particularly active at night, and will go almost unnoticed during the daylight hours. The larvae live in the soil where pupation also takes place.
--DAMAGE--
Both the adult weevil and the larvae damage plants. The adult weevil takes semi-circular bites from the edges of leaves, resulting in notching which decreases the ornamental value of the plant. The larvae, however, cause the most significant damage. Smaller larvae feed mainly on root hairs, while larger larvae feed on roots and the stem base. This greatly hinders growth, and eventually causes the plant to turn yellow and wither. One larva is enough to kill a plant if it girdles the base of the stem.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS
Biological control of the vine weevil is possible with the Koppert product listed below.
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| CATERPILLARS (Lacanobia oleracea, Chrysodeixis chalcites (Green Garden/ Tomato Looper), Spodoptera exigua (Beet Armyworm)) |
| | Caterpillars of several butterfly and moth species can cause extreme damage to a variety of plants, within a short period of time.
--BIOLOGY--
The life cycle of butterflies and moths consists of four developmental stages: egg, caterpillar (larva), pupa, and adult. Eggs are often laid in groups on a leaf or on various greenhouse structures. The larvae or caterpillars have well-developed heads and strong jaws for chewing vegetation.
--DAMAGE--
Caterpillars eat almost continuously, except when they are molting. Damage is caused by the gluttonous eating habits of the caterpillars when leaves, flowers, fruit, and growing points are consumed.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS-
Adult butterflies and moths can be detected effectively with the help of pheromone traps. Biological control of caterpillars is possible with the Koppert products listed below. |
| FLEAS (Siphonaptera) |
| | Adult fleas are mainly mammalian ectoparasites that require a blood meal before they are able to reproduce. Outdoor fleas are closely associated with the host's habitat, such as residential lawns, where they attack the host (dogs, cats, and humans) for food.
--BIOLOGY--
This hardy pest has 4 developmental stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Adult females are capable of laying over a thousand eggs in their lifetime. Eggs are laid on the host and shortly drop onto the lawn, where they hatch in 2 to 21 days, depending on temperature and humidity. The larvae then feed on organic material in the soil and, depending on temperature and the availability of forage, will pupate in one week to several months. Though the adult can emerge from the pupal stage in as little as one week, fleas can remain as pupae for up to 2 years, if harsh conditions exist. The lifespan of an adult flea is typically 2 to 3 months, but can last as long as 2 years when unfavorable conditions prevail.
--DAMAGE—
Fleabites can affect a host in a number of ways. Symptoms of a bite can range from a small welt to a body-wide rash that lasts for months. Fleas also transmit diseases that affect humans, such as plague and typhus.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS—
Biological control of outdoor fleas is possible with the Koppert products listed below. |
| FUNGUS GNATS (Sciara spp.) |
| | Fungus gnats are a problematic pest, especially in young plants. They can cause damage to seedlings, rootstock, and cuttings of many plant species. They are most often found in moist organic environments.
--BIOLOGY--
Fungus gnats go through seven developmental stages: egg, four larval stages, pupa, and adult. Adults are noticed when they appear in large numbers. Eggs are deposited in the soil, where all developmental stages take place. Larvae generally eat rotting plant material, algae, and fungi that are present in or on the soil.
--DAMAGE--
Fungus gnats can cause both direct and indirect damage. Direct damage occurs when the larvae graze on the plant's roots. Indirect damage occurs when the adults spread diseases (fungal spores and plant viruses) or pests such as mites and harmful nematodes.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Biological control of fungus gnat larvae is possible with the Koppert products listed below.
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| JAPANESE BEETLE GRUBS (LARVAE) (Popillia japonica (Japanese Beetle)) |
| | Japanese beetle grubs (larvae), along with other large white grubs are the cause of a great deal of damage to residential lawns and over 400 different species of broad-leaf plants.
--BIOLOGY—
Japanese beetle go through six developmental stages: egg, three larval stages, pupa, and adult. Adult beetles emerge from the soil from late June through July. From emergence through mid-August, the females go through multiple cycles where they feed, mate, and lay eggs, until they each lay a total of 40 to 60 eggs. Larvae will hatch within 8 to 30 days, depending on the soil temperature. By early fall, most of the larvae will have reached their third stage of development and are prepared to hibernate through the winter at soil depths of 4 to 8 inches. Around mid April, or when soil temperatures reach approximately 60 degrees F, the grubs move close to the surface to feed.
--DAMAGE--
The adults eat the leaf tissue between the veins, leaving stripped leaves that die quickly. Adults also attack flower buds and fruit. In the soil, the grubs can kill young plants but most commonly affect lawns and turf via grazing on the roots. Damaged grass yellows, as if under water stress. This destruction generally occurs in the spring before the larvae pupate and in the fall after the new larvae hatch. Grass damaged by beetle larvae feels spongy and can be pealed up like a carpet, revealing the grubs. Heavy infestations will kill grass in large patches.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS—
Biological control of Japanese beetle larvae and other white grubs is possible with the Koppert products listed below.
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| LEAFMINERS ((Liriomyza trifolii (American serpentine leafminer), Liriomyza bryoniae (Tomato Leafminer), Liriomyza huidobrensis (Pea Leafminer), Liriomyza strigata) |
| | There are four leafminer species that have become common pests. Under normal conditions, several natural enemies effectively parasitize the larvae of these species. However, problems with leafminers have increased due to the widespread use of broad-spectrum pesticides. As with other pests, leafminers have developed a resistance to many of these chemicals.
--BIOLOGY--
Both leafminer goes through six developmental stages: egg, three larval stages, pupa, and adult. The adult leafminers are small yellow and black flies. The larvae form mines in the leaves of plants, visible as a lacework of white lines. Pupation primarily takes place in the soil.
--DAMAGE--
The larvae and female adults cause plant damage. The females make feeding marks in the leaves and lay eggs inside of them. As the larvae feed, they mine through the leaves reducing the amount of productive leaf surface area and eventually causing leaves to dry out completely. Indirect damage occurs when fungi or bacteria enter the feeding areas.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Biological control of leafminers is possible the Koppert products listed below.
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| MEALYBUG (Pseudococcus spp.) |
| | Mealybugs cause unsightly damage to many plants in the home, garden, and greenhouse.
--BIOLOGY--
This pest has five developmental stages in its life cycle. The females go through the following stages: egg, three nymphal stages, and adult. The males go through the egg stage, two nymphal stages, the false pupa stage, and adult stage. Mealybugs derive their name from the third larval stage onwards, when the female's body is covered with a white wax-like substance in the form of powder, filaments, and projections or plates.
--DAMAGE--
Nymphs and female adults cause plant damage. Adult male mealybugs do not feed. Most mealybug species feed on leaves, but some extract food from roots or form galls. Certain species may also transmit plant viruses.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Biological control of mealybugs is possible with the Koppert products listed below.
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| MUSHROOM FLIES (Lycoriella auripila) |
| | Most mushrooms growers find mushroom flies to be a most challenging pest.
--BIOLOGY--
Mushroom flies go through seven developmental stages: egg, four larval stages, pupa, and adult. At a temperature of 76 degrees F, development from egg to adult takes approximately 21 days; at 61 degrees this takes twice as long. Adults invade mushroom buildings containing freshly pasteurized compost. They are attracted by the smell of the compost and growing mushrooms. Each female can lay up to 170 eggs in the substrate.
--DAMAGE--
Emerging larvae feed on compost, destroying structure and water retention capacity that inhibits growth and reduces yields. Larvae also feed on the developing mushrooms, making them unsaleable because of the damage that occurs. The adult flies are a constant nuisance to picking staff, and are known to be vectors of harmful funguses, bacteria, nematodes, and mites.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Yellow sticky traps (HORIVER) are effective in detecting and monitoring adult flies. Effective control of mushroom flies is possible with the Koppert products listed below.
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| SPIDER MITE (Tetranychus urticae (Two Spotted Spider Mite)) |
| | Spider mites are pests in many crops. Their immense reproductive capacity enables them to cause enormous damage in a short period of time. In many crops, the two-spotted spider mite is the most detrimental pest. Other spider mite species can cause damage as well.
--BIOLOGY--
The spider mite goes through five stages of development: egg, larva, first nymphal stage (protonymph), second nymphal stage (deutonymph), and adult. All stages can be observed on the plant leaves. One of the characteristics of this pest is the fine webbing that is produced.
--DAMAGE--
When large numbers of spider mites are present, plants may be completely covered with webbing. Larvae, nymphs, and adults cause plant damage. This pest feeds on the underside of the leaves, causing yellow spots to appear. Damage may quickly become serious, leading to decreases in both growth and production. Subsequently, plants may easily die from a heavy infestation.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Biological control of spider mites is possible with the Koppert products listed below.
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| THRIPS (Frankliniella occidentalis (Western Flower Thrips), Thrips tabaci (Onion Thrips)) |
| | Both the western flower thrips and the onion thrips are major problems in many plants, especially ornamentals, sweet pepper, and cucumber.
--BIOLOGY--
Thrips go through six stages of development: egg, two larval stages, pre-pupa, pupa, and adult. Mature thrips are found in flowers and on leaves, where they deposit their eggs. In sweet pepper, the egg laying sites are easily recognized as wart-like deformities on the leaves. The larvae feed on all above ground parts of the plant and are extremely mobile. Pupation takes place on the ground.
--DAMAGE--
Thrips primarily cause damage to the plant by piercing and sucking dry leaf surface cells. As a result, photosynthesis is significantly reduced. At high pest densities, fruit damage can occur, e.g. in cucumber, damage to the young fruit causes distortions called "pig-tails". In ornamental plants, flowers and leaves may be scarred. Apart from this direct damage, thrips can also transmit plant viruses.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Biological control of thrips is possible with the Koppert products listed below.
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| TOMATO PINWORM ((Keiferia lycopersicella)) |
| | Tomato Pinworm Larvae damage tomatoes by feeding on leaves, stems, and fruit. Initial injury usually appears as a small leaf mine. Later injury includes leaf curling. Mature larvae can bore into the fruit, leaving a small pin-size hole. Plant tissues usually becomes infected and the fruit rots. Seedlings may be killed by the tomato pinworm.
Tomato pinworm can be controlled by using the pheremone mating disruptor spirals, NO-MATE TPW. |
| VIRUSES (Various viruses) |
| | Viruses can cause significant plant damage. This picture shows damage to tomato plants from Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV). You can test plant suspect plant tissue with the Koppert Virus Test Kits listed below. |
| WHITEFLY (Bemisia tabaci (Sweet Potato Whitefly), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Greenhouse Whitefly)) |
| | Both the greenhouse whitefly and the sweet potato whitefly are major pests of many vegetable and ornamental crops. Due to its resistance to many insecticides, the sweet potato whitefly poses a particular threat to many crops.
--BIOLOGY--
The whitefly goes through six developmental stages: egg, first, second, third, and fourth larval stage (which develops into pupa) and adult. Adult whiteflies can usually be found in the top of the plant and on the undersides of young leaves, where they usually deposit their eggs. When shaking infested plants, adults will first fly, then return to the undersides of the leaves. Larvae are primarily found on the undersides of young leaves, though those of the sweet potato whitefly can occur on both young and old leaves. Pupae are typically found on the oldest leaves.
--DAMAGE--
Both whitefly adults and larvae extract food from the plant. The larvae, in particular, secrete honeydew while feeding; giving the crop a “dirty” appearance and causing both stunted growth and sticky unsightly fruit. Plant viruses may also be transmitted.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Biological control of whitefly is possible with the Koppert products listed below.
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| • |
Home Gardeners: Products |
| APHIDEND H/G (Aphidoletes aphidimyza) |
| | APHIDEND is a small (2.5mm) fly-like insect called a gall midge. The adult gall midge is active only at night. It find aphids by their smell and lays its eggs in the aphid colony. When the larvae hatch from the eggs they attack and eat many aphids. AP |
| APHIPAR H&G (Aphidius colemani) |
| | APHIPAR is an amazing parasitic wasp that stings its aphid victim and lays its egg directly inside the aphid. In a couple of days, the aphid will die, begin to swell up, and as it swells take on a leathery appearance. Inside this leathery aphid mummy a |
| CHRYSOPA H&G (Chrysoperla carnea) |
| | CHRYSOPA or lacewing larvae are one of natures deadliest predators. They may be small, but in the insect world they are greatly respected. A single lacewing larva will kill and sometimes eat scores of aphids and other pest insect each day. This makes C |
| CRYPTOBUG (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (predatory beetle)) |
| | Targets many mealybug species in all stages. CRYPTOBUG is recommended with increasing mealybug infestations and when the mealybugs are found in colonies. |
| DIBOX HANGING DISTRIBUTION BOX (hanging distribution box) |
| | Use DIBOX to easily distibute pest control products. |
| ENERMIX H&G (Encarsia formosa/Eretmocerus eremicus) |
| | ENERMIX is a combination of two small (1/2mm) but effective parasitic wasps (Encarcia formosa and Eretmocerus eremicus) that target the larva of the common whitefly and the tobacco/sweetpotato/silverleaf whitefly. Especially useful in warmer weather when |
| EN-STRIP H&G (Encarsia formosa) |
| | EN-STRIP is a small (1/2mm) but effective parasitic wasp (Encarcia formosa) that targets the larva of the common whitefly and to some extent the tobacco/sweetpotato/silverleaf whitefly. ENSTRIP comes to you as small cards with attached pupae. You simply |
| ENTONEM (Steinernema spp. (parasitic nematode)) |
| | Targets larvae of fungus gnats and fleas. |
| HORIVER FIELD GUIDE (pest indentification booklet) |
| | The HORIVER Field Guide is a handy booklet that fits in your pocket.
It contains clear photographs and drawings of pests that can occur on HORIVER sticky traps and monitors. It also contains some pictures of beneficials that have been ‘trapped’. The boo |
| HORIVER PEST MONITOR (SMALL YELLOW CARD) (pest monitoring sticky cards) |
| | For use in tall crops such as cucumber, tomato, and pepper, monitors should be positioned just above the plant head and raised as the crop grows.
For optimal effect against leaf-miner, place monitors horizontally on concrete paths.
In crops with a low c |
| KNOWING AND RECOGNIZING (BOOK CONCERNING THE BIOLOGY OF GREENHOUSE PESTS AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES) |
| | Koppert Biological Systems is continually asked questions about the behavior of pest organisms in greenhouse crops and of the natural enemies used against them. As a leading company in the area of biological control, Koppert has tried to answer these que |
| KOPPERT CHEMICAL SIDE EFFECTS GUIDE (side effect information) |
| | Use the KOPPERT CHEMICAL SIDE EFFECTS GUIDE to determine how chemicals will affect beneficial insects. |
| LADYBUGS H&G (Hippodamia convergens (ladybird predatory beetle)) |
| | When people think of "biological pest control" almost everybody's first thought is "Ladybugs", and for good reason. Adult ladybugs and their offspring are voracious predators, plus their kind of cute. Ladybugs are also popular because they will eat a va |
| LARVANEM (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (parasitic nematode)) |
| | Targets curculionids, such as the Black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus). |
| MAGNIFYING LENS (LOUPE) (10X magnification) |
| | Use the magnifying lens to help identify small insects. |
| SPIDEX (Phytoseiulus persimilis (predatory mite)) |
| | Targets the two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) in all stages, preferring younger stages. The predatory mite can only survive on two spotted spider mites (Tetranychus spp.). |
| TERRANEM H&G (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) |
| | You love your beautiful green lawn, and you work hard to keep it that way. The bad news is that Japanese beetle grubs and other large white grubs love your lawn too. Koppert offers you a safe, chemical-free, and highly effective way to make sure that gr |
| THRIPEX-PLUS (Amblyseius cucumeris (predatory mites in sachets)) |
| | Targets various thrips species, preying on hatching eggs and larvae. Predatory mites also eat spider mites (f.e. strawberry mite, broad mite), several other mites, honeydew and pollen. THRIPEX-PLUS is packaged in sachets that can be hung directly on plan |
| • |
Home Gardeners: Crops |
| CUCUMBERS (Cucumis sativus) |
| | In most varieties of cucumber the fruit starts to grow without pollination having taken place. Varieties like the gherkin require pollination to produce fruit. These varieties have both male and female flowers on the same plant. Both flower types produce nectar but, only the male flower produces pollen. Pollination can occur through self-pollination (pollination with pollen from the same plant) however, cross-pollination also plays an important role in the gherkin. |
| CUT FLOWERS (Roses and others) |
| | There are many varieties of plants that are used for cut flowers. The blooms come in all shapes, sizes and colors attracting people as well as bees, butterflies and many harmful insects. |
| LAWN AND TURF () |
| | Lawn and turf is constantly under attack by various species of beetle larvae, or as they are commonly referred to...GRUBS. Use TERRANEM for grub control. If If your pets have fleas treat your yard with ENTONEM. For more information on both products click on the links below. |
| MELON AND SQUASH (Melon and others) |
| | Melons and Squash |
| MUSHROOMS (??) |
| | ?? |
| POTTED FLOWERS AND BEDDING PLANTS (various species) |
| | Potted Flowers and Bedding Plants are susceptible to any number of harmful insects and mites. Use the Koppert "Pest Roster" to identify the pests that are attacking your plants, then click on the pest's name below to find the available Koppert biological pest control solution/s. |
| SWEET PEPPERS (Sweet Peppers) |
| | Sweet Peppers |
| TOMATOES (Lycopersicon esculentum) |
| | The stem, flower and fruit of the tomato plant are all susceptible to attack by various garden pests. Identify you pest and control it using the appropriate product listed below. Click on pest or product names for more information. |
| TREES AND SHRUBS (Trees and others) |
| | Trees and Shrubs |
| • |
Home Gardeners: Pollination |
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Commercial Growers: Logon |
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Commercial Growers: Pests |
| APHIDS (Aphis gossypii (Cotton/Melon Aphid), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Potato Aphid), Aulacorthum solani (Glasshouse Potato/Fox Glove Aphid), Myzus persicae (Green Peach Aphid)) |
| | Aphids have always been a problem for the plant enthusiast and commercial grower. However, as time has passed, aphid infestations have become a more prominent problem, especially in the horticulture sector. As a result of their enormous reproductive capability, aphids can cause severe damage to a myriad of plants. In addition their ever-increasing resistance to pesticides greatly enhances their destructive capability.
--BIOLOGY--
An aphid population consists of viviparous females. Young aphids are born and immediately start feeding on plant sap. They grow quickly and molt four times before they become adults. The resulting characteristic white skins left behind betray the presence of aphids. Winged adults develop at high densities, enabling rapid spreading to other plants from hot spot areas.
--DAMAGE--
Direct feeding on plant sap, excretion of honeydew, and the injection of toxic substances cause crop damage. Plant growth is halted and leaves become curled. Honeydew dirties fruit and leaves, and is also a medium for the growth of fungus. Aphids can also transmit and spread viruses.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Biological control of aphids is possible with the Koppert products listed below. |
| BLACK VINE WEEVIL (Otiorhynchus spp.) |
| | The black vine weevil is a pest that can cause enormous damage in many ornamental crops. The larvae of the beetle are not easily controlled chemically: not only because they are hidden in the soil, but also because of their acquired resistance to many pesticides.
--BIOLOGY--
The black vine weevil goes through four stages of development: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Adult black vine weevils are "walkers", i.e. they cannot fly. They are particularly active at night, and will go almost unnoticed during the daylight hours. The larvae live in the soil where pupation also takes place.
--DAMAGE--
Both the adult weevil and the larvae damage plants. The adult weevil takes semi-circular bites from the edges of leaves, resulting in notching which decreases the ornamental value of the plant. The larvae, however, cause the most significant damage. Smaller larvae feed mainly on root hairs, while larger larvae feed on roots and the stem base. This greatly hinders growth, and eventually causes the plant to turn yellow and wither. One larva is enough to kill a plant if it girdles the base of the stem.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS
Biological control of the vine weevil is possible with the Koppert product listed below.
|
| CATERPILLARS (Lacanobia oleracea, Chrysodeixis chalcites (Green Garden/ Tomato Looper), Spodoptera exigua (Beet Armyworm)) |
| | Caterpillars of several butterfly and moth species can cause extreme damage to a variety of plants, within a short period of time.
--BIOLOGY--
The life cycle of butterflies and moths consists of four developmental stages: egg, caterpillar (larva), pupa, and adult. Eggs are often laid in groups on a leaf or on various greenhouse structures. The larvae or caterpillars have well-developed heads and strong jaws for chewing vegetation.
--DAMAGE--
Caterpillars eat almost continuously, except when they are molting. Damage is caused by the gluttonous eating habits of the caterpillars when leaves, flowers, fruit, and growing points are consumed.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS-
Adult butterflies and moths can be detected effectively with the help of pheromone traps. Biological control of caterpillars is possible with the Koppert products listed below. |
| FLEAS (Siphonaptera) |
| | Adult fleas are mainly mammalian ectoparasites that require a blood meal before they are able to reproduce. Outdoor fleas are closely associated with the host's habitat, such as residential lawns, where they attack the host (dogs, cats, and humans) for food.
--BIOLOGY--
This hardy pest has 4 developmental stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Adult females are capable of laying over a thousand eggs in their lifetime. Eggs are laid on the host and shortly drop onto the lawn, where they hatch in 2 to 21 days, depending on temperature and humidity. The larvae then feed on organic material in the soil and, depending on temperature and the availability of forage, will pupate in one week to several months. Though the adult can emerge from the pupal stage in as little as one week, fleas can remain as pupae for up to 2 years, if harsh conditions exist. The lifespan of an adult flea is typically 2 to 3 months, but can last as long as 2 years when unfavorable conditions prevail.
--DAMAGE—
Fleabites can affect a host in a number of ways. Symptoms of a bite can range from a small welt to a body-wide rash that lasts for months. Fleas also transmit diseases that affect humans, such as plague and typhus.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS—
Biological control of outdoor fleas is possible with the Koppert products listed below. |
| FUNGUS GNATS (Sciara spp.) |
| | Fungus gnats are a problematic pest, especially in young plants. They can cause damage to seedlings, rootstock, and cuttings of many plant species. They are most often found in moist organic environments.
--BIOLOGY--
Fungus gnats go through seven developmental stages: egg, four larval stages, pupa, and adult. Adults are noticed when they appear in large numbers. Eggs are deposited in the soil, where all developmental stages take place. Larvae generally eat rotting plant material, algae, and fungi that are present in or on the soil.
--DAMAGE--
Fungus gnats can cause both direct and indirect damage. Direct damage occurs when the larvae graze on the plant's roots. Indirect damage occurs when the adults spread diseases (fungal spores and plant viruses) or pests such as mites and harmful nematodes.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Biological control of fungus gnat larvae is possible with the Koppert products listed below.
|
| JAPANESE BEETLE GRUBS (LARVAE) (Popillia japonica (Japanese Beetle)) |
| | Japanese beetle grubs (larvae), along with other large white grubs are the cause of a great deal of damage to residential lawns and over 400 different species of broad-leaf plants.
--BIOLOGY—
Japanese beetle go through six developmental stages: egg, three larval stages, pupa, and adult. Adult beetles emerge from the soil from late June through July. From emergence through mid-August, the females go through multiple cycles where they feed, mate, and lay eggs, until they each lay a total of 40 to 60 eggs. Larvae will hatch within 8 to 30 days, depending on the soil temperature. By early fall, most of the larvae will have reached their third stage of development and are prepared to hibernate through the winter at soil depths of 4 to 8 inches. Around mid April, or when soil temperatures reach approximately 60 degrees F, the grubs move close to the surface to feed.
--DAMAGE--
The adults eat the leaf tissue between the veins, leaving stripped leaves that die quickly. Adults also attack flower buds and fruit. In the soil, the grubs can kill young plants but most commonly affect lawns and turf via grazing on the roots. Damaged grass yellows, as if under water stress. This destruction generally occurs in the spring before the larvae pupate and in the fall after the new larvae hatch. Grass damaged by beetle larvae feels spongy and can be pealed up like a carpet, revealing the grubs. Heavy infestations will kill grass in large patches.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS—
Biological control of Japanese beetle larvae and other white grubs is possible with the Koppert products listed below.
|
| LEAFMINERS ((Liriomyza trifolii (American serpentine leafminer), Liriomyza bryoniae (Tomato Leafminer), Liriomyza huidobrensis (Pea Leafminer), Liriomyza strigata) |
| | There are four leafminer species that have become common pests. Under normal conditions, several natural enemies effectively parasitize the larvae of these species. However, problems with leafminers have increased due to the widespread use of broad-spectrum pesticides. As with other pests, leafminers have developed a resistance to many of these chemicals.
--BIOLOGY--
Both leafminer goes through six developmental stages: egg, three larval stages, pupa, and adult. The adult leafminers are small yellow and black flies. The larvae form mines in the leaves of plants, visible as a lacework of white lines. Pupation primarily takes place in the soil.
--DAMAGE--
The larvae and female adults cause plant damage. The females make feeding marks in the leaves and lay eggs inside of them. As the larvae feed, they mine through the leaves reducing the amount of productive leaf surface area and eventually causing leaves to dry out completely. Indirect damage occurs when fungi or bacteria enter the feeding areas.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Biological control of leafminers is possible the Koppert products listed below.
|
| MEALYBUG (Pseudococcus spp.) |
| | Mealybugs cause unsightly damage to many plants in the home, garden, and greenhouse.
--BIOLOGY--
This pest has five developmental stages in its life cycle. The females go through the following stages: egg, three nymphal stages, and adult. The males go through the egg stage, two nymphal stages, the false pupa stage, and adult stage. Mealybugs derive their name from the third larval stage onwards, when the female's body is covered with a white wax-like substance in the form of powder, filaments, and projections or plates.
--DAMAGE--
Nymphs and female adults cause plant damage. Adult male mealybugs do not feed. Most mealybug species feed on leaves, but some extract food from roots or form galls. Certain species may also transmit plant viruses.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Biological control of mealybugs is possible with the Koppert products listed below.
|
| MUSHROOM FLIES (Lycoriella auripila) |
| | Most mushrooms growers find mushroom flies to be a most challenging pest.
--BIOLOGY--
Mushroom flies go through seven developmental stages: egg, four larval stages, pupa, and adult. At a temperature of 76 degrees F, development from egg to adult takes approximately 21 days; at 61 degrees this takes twice as long. Adults invade mushroom buildings containing freshly pasteurized compost. They are attracted by the smell of the compost and growing mushrooms. Each female can lay up to 170 eggs in the substrate.
--DAMAGE--
Emerging larvae feed on compost, destroying structure and water retention capacity that inhibits growth and reduces yields. Larvae also feed on the developing mushrooms, making them unsaleable because of the damage that occurs. The adult flies are a constant nuisance to picking staff, and are known to be vectors of harmful funguses, bacteria, nematodes, and mites.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Yellow sticky traps (HORIVER) are effective in detecting and monitoring adult flies. Effective control of mushroom flies is possible with the Koppert products listed below.
|
| SPIDER MITE (Tetranychus urticae (Two Spotted Spider Mite)) |
| | Spider mites are pests in many crops. Their immense reproductive capacity enables them to cause enormous damage in a short period of time. In many crops, the two-spotted spider mite is the most detrimental pest. Other spider mite species can cause damage as well.
--BIOLOGY--
The spider mite goes through five stages of development: egg, larva, first nymphal stage (protonymph), second nymphal stage (deutonymph), and adult. All stages can be observed on the plant leaves. One of the characteristics of this pest is the fine webbing that is produced.
--DAMAGE--
When large numbers of spider mites are present, plants may be completely covered with webbing. Larvae, nymphs, and adults cause plant damage. This pest feeds on the underside of the leaves, causing yellow spots to appear. Damage may quickly become serious, leading to decreases in both growth and production. Subsequently, plants may easily die from a heavy infestation.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Biological control of spider mites is possible with the Koppert products listed below.
|
| THRIPS (Frankliniella occidentalis (Western Flower Thrips), Thrips tabaci (Onion Thrips)) |
| | Both the western flower thrips and the onion thrips are major problems in many plants, especially ornamentals, sweet pepper, and cucumber.
--BIOLOGY--
Thrips go through six stages of development: egg, two larval stages, pre-pupa, pupa, and adult. Mature thrips are found in flowers and on leaves, where they deposit their eggs. In sweet pepper, the egg laying sites are easily recognized as wart-like deformities on the leaves. The larvae feed on all above ground parts of the plant and are extremely mobile. Pupation takes place on the ground.
--DAMAGE--
Thrips primarily cause damage to the plant by piercing and sucking dry leaf surface cells. As a result, photosynthesis is significantly reduced. At high pest densities, fruit damage can occur, e.g. in cucumber, damage to the young fruit causes distortions called "pig-tails". In ornamental plants, flowers and leaves may be scarred. Apart from this direct damage, thrips can also transmit plant viruses.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Biological control of thrips is possible with the Koppert products listed below.
|
| TOMATO PINWORM ((Keiferia lycopersicella)) |
| | Tomato Pinworm Larvae damage tomatoes by feeding on leaves, stems, and fruit. Initial injury usually appears as a small leaf mine. Later injury includes leaf curling. Mature larvae can bore into the fruit, leaving a small pin-size hole. Plant tissues usually becomes infected and the fruit rots. Seedlings may be killed by the tomato pinworm.
Tomato pinworm can be controlled by using the pheremone mating disruptor spirals, NO-MATE TPW. |
| VIRUSES (Various viruses) |
| | Viruses can cause significant plant damage. This picture shows damage to tomato plants from Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV). You can test plant suspect plant tissue with the Koppert Virus Test Kits listed below. |
| WHITEFLY (Bemisia tabaci (Sweet Potato Whitefly), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Greenhouse Whitefly)) |
| | Both the greenhouse whitefly and the sweet potato whitefly are major pests of many vegetable and ornamental crops. Due to its resistance to many insecticides, the sweet potato whitefly poses a particular threat to many crops.
--BIOLOGY--
The whitefly goes through six developmental stages: egg, first, second, third, and fourth larval stage (which develops into pupa) and adult. Adult whiteflies can usually be found in the top of the plant and on the undersides of young leaves, where they usually deposit their eggs. When shaking infested plants, adults will first fly, then return to the undersides of the leaves. Larvae are primarily found on the undersides of young leaves, though those of the sweet potato whitefly can occur on both young and old leaves. Pupae are typically found on the oldest leaves.
--DAMAGE--
Both whitefly adults and larvae extract food from the plant. The larvae, in particular, secrete honeydew while feeding; giving the crop a “dirty” appearance and causing both stunted growth and sticky unsightly fruit. Plant viruses may also be transmitted.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Biological control of whitefly is possible with the Koppert products listed below.
|
| • |
Commercial Growers: Products |
| AGROTEST VIRUS TEST KIT (Virus Test Kit) |
| | Tests for various viruses. |
| APHIDAMIA (Hippodamia convergens (Ladybird/predatory beetle)) |
| | APHIDAMIA targets many aphid species in all developmental stages. APHIDAMIA is recommended as a biological corrective measure when aphid infestations increase and aphids are in colonies. Introduce APHIPAR OR ERVIPAR (depending on the species of aphid) a |
| APHIDEND (Aphidoletes aphidimyza (gall-midge)) |
| | Targets a wide range of aphid species. APHIDEND is recommended especially when aphid colonies are present or when unable to identify aphid species. |
| APHILIN (Aphelinus abdominalis (parasitic wasp)) |
| | Targets aphids, in particular the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae and the glasshouse potato aphid Aulacorthum solani. |
| APHIPAR (Aphidius colemani (parasitic wasp)) |
| | Targets aphids, in particular the cotton aphid, tobacco aphid and the green peach potato aphid. Use APHIPAR especially when aphid infestations are beginning. |
| APHI-RID (Harmonia axyridis (multicoloured Asian lady beetle)) |
| | Targets many species of aphids of all stages. APHI-RID is recommended as a corrective measure when aphid populations increase, and aphids appear in colonies. Always use APHIPAR/ERVIPAR and APHIDEND for continuous aphid control. |
| BEMIPAR (Eretmocerus mundus) |
| | Parasitizes Bemisia Tabaci, the sweet potato whitefly. |
| CHRYSOPA (Chrysoperla carnea (lacewing)) |
| | Targets aphids and to a lesser extent many other pest insects, like whitefly, thrips and moth eggs. |
| CRYPTOBUG (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (predatory beetle)) |
| | Targets many mealybug species in all stages. CRYPTOBUG is recommended with increasing mealybug infestations and when the mealybugs are found in colonies. |
| DIBOX HANGING DISTRIBUTION BOX (hanging distribution box) |
| | Use DIBOX to easily distibute pest control products. |
| DICYBUG (Dicyphus hesperus) |
| | Targets all stages of greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and tobacco whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), preferring eggs and larvae. DICYBUG feed on aphids, and to a lesser extent two spotted spider mites, moth eggs, leaf-miner larvae and thrips. Howe |
| DIMINEX (Dacnusa sibirica & Diglyphus isaea (parasitic wasps)) |
| | Targets leaf-miners in all larval stages, preferably the first and second stage for Dacnusa sibirica and the second and third stage for Diglyphus isaea. |
| ENERMIX (Eretmocerus eremicus & Encarsia formosa (parasitic wasps)) |
| | Targets greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) in the second to fourth larval stage. Especially useful in warmer weather when whitefly are more active and when unable to identify type of whitefly. |
| EN-STRIP (Encarsia formosa (parasitic wasp)) |
| | Targets greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and tobacco whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) in the third and fourth larval stage. Preference for the greenhouse whitefly. |
| EN-STRIP 1/2 (Encarsia formosa (parasitic wasp)) |
| | Targets greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and tobacco whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) in the third and fourth larval stage. Preference for the greenhouse whitefly. This product is identical to EN-STRIP, with one exception. In EN-STRIP 1/2, each |
| ENTOFOOD (Ephestia kuehniella (frozen moth eggs)) |
| | A suplimental food source used for the introduction of DICYBUG and DICYBUG-N. |
| ENTOMITE-A (Hypoaspis aculeifer (predatory mite)) |
| | Targets the eggs, larvae and pupae of Fungus gnats, preferring smaller larvae. Also targets other soil-living insects like thrips pupae, collembola and nematodes, and bulb mites in lilies. |
| ENTONEM (Steinernema spp. (parasitic nematode)) |
| | Targets larvae of fungus gnats and fleas. |
| ERCAL (Eretmocerus eremicus (parasitic wasp)) |
| | Targets greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) in the second and third larval stage. |
| ERVIPAR (Aphidius ervi (parasitic wasp)) |
| | Targets aphids, in particular the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae and the glasshouse potato aphid Aulacorthum solani. Use ERVIPAR especially when aphid infestations are beginning. |
| HORIVER FIELD GUIDE (pest indentification booklet) |
| | The HORIVER Field Guide is a handy booklet that fits in your pocket.
It contains clear photographs and drawings of pests that can occur on HORIVER sticky traps and monitors. It also contains some pictures of beneficials that have been ‘trapped’. The boo |
| HORIVER PEST MONITOR (SMALL YELLOW CARD) (pest monitoring sticky cards) |
| | For use in tall crops such as cucumber, tomato, and pepper, monitors should be positioned just above the plant head and raised as the crop grows.
For optimal effect against leaf-miner, place monitors horizontally on concrete paths.
In crops with a low c |
| HORIVER PEST TRAP (LARGE BLUE CARD) (120 pest (Thrips) sticky traps) |
| | For use in tall crops such as cucumber, tomato, and pepper, traps should be positioned just above the plant head and raised as the crop grows. In crops with a low canopy, traps should be supported by canes or wire holders a maximum of one foot above the c |
| HORIVER PEST TRAP (LARGE YELLOW CARD) (120 sticky pest traps) |
| | For use in tall crops such as cucumber, tomato and pepper, traps should be positioned just above the plant head and raised as the crop grows.
For optimal effect against leaf-miner, put traps horizontally on concrete paths.
In crops with a low canopy, tr |
| HORIVER-TR PEST MONITOR (SMALL BLUE CARD) (800 pest (Thrips) monitoring sticky cards) |
| | For use in tall crops such as cucumber, tomato, and pepper, monitors should be positioned just above the plant head and raised as the crop grows. In crops with a low canopy, monitors should be supported by canes or wire holders a maximum of 1 foot above t |
| KNOWING AND RECOGNIZING (BOOK CONCERNING THE BIOLOGY OF GREENHOUSE PESTS AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES) |
| | Koppert Biological Systems is continually asked questions about the behavior of pest organisms in greenhouse crops and of the natural enemies used against them. As a leading company in the area of biological control, Koppert has tried to answer these que |
| KOPPERT CHEMICAL SIDE EFFECTS GUIDE (side effect information) |
| | Use the KOPPERT CHEMICAL SIDE EFFECTS GUIDE to determine how chemicals will affect beneficial insects. |
| LARVANEM (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (parasitic nematode)) |
| | Targets curculionids, such as the Black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus). |
| MAGNIFYING LENS (LOUPE) (10X magnification) |
| | Use the magnifying lens to help identify small insects. |
| MIGLYPHUS (Diglyphus isaea (parasitic wasps)) |
| | Targets leaf-miners in all larval stages, preferably the second and third stage. |
| MINEX (Dacnusa sibirica & Diglyphus isaea (parasitic wasps)) |
| | Targets leaf-miners in all larval stages, preferably the first and second stage for Dacnusa sibirica and the second and third stage for Diglyphus isaea. |
| MINUSA (Dacnusa sibirica (parasitic wasp)) |
| | Targets leaf-miners in all larval stages, preferably the first and second stage. |
| NATUPOL HIVE STAND (aluminum stand for bumblebee hive) |
| | The NATUPOL HIVE STAND mounts easily to most vertical support beams in your greenhouse, to conveniently and neatly hold your NATUPOL bumblebee hive. |
| NO-MATE TPW (Tomato pinworm mating disruptor spirals) |
| | Targets the adult tomato pinworm. NO-MATE TPW uses pheremones to inhibit the ability of the adult tomato pinworm to reproduce. |
| PRETOM (skin protecting lotion) |
| | PRETOM is specially developed to protect the skin against suborn staining by vegetable saps and dyes from tomatoes and ornamental plants.
PRETOM is a water-based system containing a special organic acid, a refatting agent, a moisture stabilizer and a t |
| ROLLERTRAP BLUE STICKY RIBBON PEST TRAP (15cm x 100m roll) |
| | Blue ROLLERTRAPS are especially meant for trapping thrips in places with great thrips pressure or places where high thrips pressure is expected, for example along gables, ventilation windows, and places with draft. Preferably, blue ROLLERTRAPS should be h |
| ROLLERTRAP YELLOW STICKY RIBBON PEST TRAP (15cm x 100m roll) |
| | Yellow ROLLERTRAPS are especially meant for trapping pests in places with great pest pressure or places where high pest pressure is expected, for example along gables, ventilation windows, and places with draft. Preferably, yellow ROLLERTRAPS should be hu |
| SCIA-RID (Steinernema spp.) |
| | Targets the larvae of Mushroom flies |
| SIGNAL CLIPS PEST MARKERS (300 pest markers in 6 different colors) |
| | Use SIGNAL CLIPS to mark pest infestations. |
| SPICAL (Amblyseius californicus (predatory mite)) |
| | Targets the two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) and the fruit tree red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi) in all stages, preferring younger stages. Predatory mites also survive on other mites and pollen and can survive for a number of weeks without f |
| SPIDEND (Feltiella acarisuga (gall-midge)) |
| | Targets various species of spider mites. SPIDEND is recommended especially when spider mite occurs in colonies. |
| SPIDEX (Phytoseiulus persimilis (predatory mite)) |
| | Targets the two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) in all stages, preferring younger stages. The predatory mite can only survive on two spotted spider mites (Tetranychus spp.). |
| SPIDEX HOT SPOT (Phytoseiulus persimilis (predatory mites)) |
| | Targets the two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) in all stages, preferring younger stages. The predatory mite can only survive on two spotted spider mites (Tetranychus spp.). This bottle is designed for presise application in areas of high spider |
| TERRANEM (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (parasitic nematode)) |
| | Targets soil dwelling and boring insect larvae. It will provide control for many species of butterflies, beetles and flies. The most important target hosts in turf and open field crops in United States are the Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica), the Euro |
| THRIPANS (Amblyseius degenerans (predatory mite)) |
| | Targets various thrips species, especially the first larval stage. Predatory mites also eat spider mites and pollen. |
| THRIPEX (Amblyseius cucumeris (predatory mite)) |
| | Targets various thrips species, preying on hatching eggs and larvae. Predatory mites also eat spider mites (f.e. strawberry mite, broad mite), several other mites, honeydew and pollen. THRIPEX is packaged in a bran carrier with grain mites as a food sourc |
| THRIPEX-PLUS (Amblyseius cucumeris (predatory mites in sachets)) |
| | Targets various thrips species, preying on hatching eggs and larvae. Predatory mites also eat spider mites (f.e. strawberry mite, broad mite), several other mites, honeydew and pollen. THRIPEX-PLUS is packaged in sachets that can be hung directly on plan |
| THRIPEX-V (Amblyseius cucumeris (predatory mites in vermiculite)) |
| | Targets various thrips species, preying on hatching eggs and larvae. Predatory mites also eat spider mites (f.e. strawberry mite, broad mite), several other mites, honeydew and pollen. THRIPEX-V is packaged in a vermiculite carrier with grain mites as a |
| THRIPOR (Orius laevigatus (predatory bug)) |
| | Targets various species of thrips as larvae and adults. In the absence of thrips Orius can also survive on pollen. |
| TRICO-STRIP (Trichogramma brassicae (parasitic wasp)) |
| | Targets the egg stages of several butterfly and moth species such as Mamestra, Laconobia, Chrysodeixis and Autographa |
| • |
Commercial Growers: Crops |
| CUCUMBERS (Cucumis sativus) |
| | In most varieties of cucumber the fruit starts to grow without pollination having taken place. Varieties like the gherkin require pollination to produce fruit. These varieties have both male and female flowers on the same plant. Both flower types produce nectar but, only the male flower produces pollen. Pollination can occur through self-pollination (pollination with pollen from the same plant) however, cross-pollination also plays an important role in the gherkin. |
| CUT FLOWERS (Roses and others) |
| | There are many varieties of plants that are used for cut flowers. The blooms come in all shapes, sizes and colors attracting people as well as bees, butterflies and many harmful insects. |
| LAWN AND TURF () |
| | Lawn and turf is constantly under attack by various species of beetle larvae, or as they are commonly referred to...GRUBS. Use TERRANEM for grub control. If If your pets have fleas treat your yard with ENTONEM. For more information on both products click on the links below. |
| MELON AND SQUASH (Melon and others) |
| | Melons and Squash |
| MUSHROOMS (??) |
| | ?? |
| POTTED FLOWERS AND BEDDING PLANTS (various species) |
| | Potted Flowers and Bedding Plants are susceptible to any number of harmful insects and mites. Use the Koppert "Pest Roster" to identify the pests that are attacking your plants, then click on the pest's name below to find the available Koppert biological pest control solution/s. |
| SWEET PEPPERS (Sweet Peppers) |
| | Sweet Peppers |
| TOMATOES (Lycopersicon esculentum) |
| | The stem, flower and fruit of the tomato plant are all susceptible to attack by various garden pests. Identify you pest and control it using the appropriate product listed below. Click on pest or product names for more information. |
| TREES AND SHRUBS (Trees and others) |
| | Trees and Shrubs |
| • |
Commercial Growers: Pollination |
| • |
What's the Buzz? |
| • |
Glossary |
| ACARIDE: pesticide used to control mites |
| ALATE: winged Aphid |
| ALKALINE ENVIRONMENT: environment with a high pH-value (pH>7) |
| ANTENNAE: pair of jointed appendages on the head of an insect, typically sensory in function, usually being concerned with smell and touch |
| APTERA: wingless aphid |
| AUXIN: plant growth hormone |
| AXILLARY BUD: growing point at the junction of a leaf and a stem or branch |
| BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: control achieved by the application of natural enemies |
| CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES: chemical pesticides based on carbamate compounds |
| CAUDAL: concerning the 'tail' end of the insect |
| CHLOROPHYLL: green substance within a leaf that is used in photosynthesis |
| CONIDIOSPORES: asexually produced fungal spores |
| COSMETIC DAMAGE: damage to the appearance of a fruit, flower or plant |
| DEUTONYMPH: second nymphal stage of mites, after egg and protonymph |
| DIAPAUSE: hibernation (under the influence of short day length and low temperature) |
| ECTOPARASITE: parasite that sucks the host empty from the outside |
| ENCAPSULATED: surrounded with defensive cells of the ghost, which renders the parasite (usually the egg or the larva) harmless |
| ENDOPARASITE: parasite that lives inside the host's body |
| ENTOMOPHAGOUS: living on insects |
| ENZYME: protein product of a living cell that can cause or speed up a chemical reaction |
| FACET: surface of one of the units making up the compound eye |
| GENETIC: hereditary |
| HERMAPHRODITE: animal with both male and female reproductive organs |
| HONEYDEW: sticky, sugar-containing secretion produced by aphids and whiteflies, among others |
| HOST: organism on or inside which another organism lives (at its expense) |
| HOST DISCRIMINATION: egglaying behavior of parasites in which they differentiate between not yet parasitized and already parasitized hosts |
| HOST FEEDING: intake of food by sucking up body fluids from the host, which may or may not kill it |
| HOST PLANT: plant on which an insect, mite, fungus etc. lives and feeds |
| HOST PLANT EXCHANGE: transfer from one plant food source to another type |
| HYPERPARASITE: parasite that parasitizes another parasite |
| INSECTICIDE: pesticide used to control insects |
| INTEGRATED CONTROL: combination of biological, chemical and cultural control methods |
| LARVA: immature insect or mite which differs greatly from the adult. In insects, pupation is necessary before becoming adult |
| LOWER EPIDERMIS: exterior layer of cells on the underside of a leaf |
| MEMBRANOUS: filmy, often transparent |
| MIGRANT: individual that moves for various reasons |
| MORTALITY: death rate |
| NATURAL CONTROL: control without human intervention |
| NECROTIC: dying plant cells |
| NYMPH: immature insect or mite which strongly resembles the adult. Pupation is not necessary before becoming adult |
| OCELLUS: one of the simple eyes of insects, usually occurring in a group of three on top of the head |
| ORGANOFOSFOR INSECTICIDES: chemical pesticides based on organofosfor compounds |
| OVIPOSITOR: organ with which eggs are laid |
| PARASITE: enemy of plants or animals that lives at the expense of its host |
| PARASITIZATION: the laying of an egg by a parasite inside or near its host |
| PARTHENOGENETIC REPRODUCTION: reproduction with the help of unimpregnated eggs (individuals are genetically identical to the parent) |
| PATHOGEN: outgrowth of deformation of a plant, often caused by insects, mites, nematodes etc. |
| PHYSIOLOGY: study of the functioning of organisms and their parts |
| PHYTOPHAGOUS: living on plants |
| PHOTOSYNTHESIS: food production by a plant with the help of light |
| POLYPHAGOUS: eats several different types of food |
| POLYMORPHISM: the occurrence of two or more different types (morphs) within one species |
| POPULATION: a group of animals or plants of one species that are spatially separated from other groups |
| PREDATION: the killing and eating of prey |
| PREDATOR: predatory enemy |
| PRE-OVIPOSITION PERIOD: period between reaching adulthood and laying first eggs |
| PREPUPA: intermediate form in pupation of thrips between larva and upa |
| PROBOSCIS: mouthpart of an aphid, whitefly, butterfly or moth used to suck up plants juices |
| PROTONYMPH: first stage after the egg in mites |
| PUPA: stage at which the metamorphosis of larva to adult insect takes place |
| RESISTANCE: insensitivity to a certain disease or a certain chemicl pesticide |
| SAPROPHYTIC GROWTH: growth due to the intake of organic material |
| SEX RATIO: proportion of males to females |
| SIPHON: tube-shaped secretory organ on the abdomen of aphids |
| SUPERPARASITIZATION: the laying of eggs by two or more females of one species of parasite inside or on the same host (larva) |
| TAXONOMY: classification of organisms into groups on the basis of similarities |
| UPPER EPIDERMIS: exterior layer of cells on the upperside of a leaf |
| VECTOR: carrier of diseases (for example viruses) |
| VERMICULITE: accordian-shaped grains formed from minerals. It is a chemically neutral, sterile, unperishable and odorless product that is used as carrier and packing material |
| VIVIPAROUS: giving birth to live young |
| • |
Pest Roster |
| APHIDS(Aphis gossypii (Cotton/Melon Aphid), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Potato Aphid), Aulacorthum solani (Glasshouse Potato/Fox Glove Aphid), Myzus persicae (Green Peach Aphid)): Aphids have always been a problem for the plant enthusiast and commercial grower. However, as time has passed, aphid infestations have become a more prominent problem, especially in the horticulture sector. As a result of their enormous reproductive capability, aphids can cause severe damage to a myriad of plants. In addition their ever-increasing resistance to pesticides greatly enhances their destructive capability.
--BIOLOGY--
An aphid population consists of viviparous females. Young aphids are born and immediately start feeding on plant sap. They grow quickly and molt four times before they become adults. The resulting characteristic white skins left behind betray the presence of aphids. Winged adults develop at high densities, enabling rapid spreading to other plants from hot spot areas.
--DAMAGE--
Direct feeding on plant sap, excretion of honeydew, and the injection of toxic substances cause crop damage. Plant growth is halted and leaves become curled. Honeydew dirties fruit and leaves, and is also a medium for the growth of fungus. Aphids can also transmit and spread viruses.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Biological control of aphids is possible with the Koppert products listed below. |
| JAPANESE BEETLE GRUBS (LARVAE)(Popillia japonica (Japanese Beetle)): Japanese beetle grubs (larvae), along with other large white grubs are the cause of a great deal of damage to residential lawns and over 400 different species of broad-leaf plants.
--BIOLOGY—
Japanese beetle go through six developmental stages: egg, three larval stages, pupa, and adult. Adult beetles emerge from the soil from late June through July. From emergence through mid-August, the females go through multiple cycles where they feed, mate, and lay eggs, until they each lay a total of 40 to 60 eggs. Larvae will hatch within 8 to 30 days, depending on the soil temperature. By early fall, most of the larvae will have reached their third stage of development and are prepared to hibernate through the winter at soil depths of 4 to 8 inches. Around mid April, or when soil temperatures reach approximately 60 degrees F, the grubs move close to the surface to feed.
--DAMAGE--
The adults eat the leaf tissue between the veins, leaving stripped leaves that die quickly. Adults also attack flower buds and fruit. In the soil, the grubs can kill young plants but most commonly affect lawns and turf via grazing on the roots. Damaged grass yellows, as if under water stress. This destruction generally occurs in the spring before the larvae pupate and in the fall after the new larvae hatch. Grass damaged by beetle larvae feels spongy and can be pealed up like a carpet, revealing the grubs. Heavy infestations will kill grass in large patches.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS—
Biological control of Japanese beetle larvae and other white grubs is possible with the Koppert products listed below.
|
| CATERPILLARS(Lacanobia oleracea, Chrysodeixis chalcites (Green Garden/ Tomato Looper), Spodoptera exigua (Beet Armyworm)): Caterpillars of several butterfly and moth species can cause extreme damage to a variety of plants, within a short period of time.
--BIOLOGY--
The life cycle of butterflies and moths consists of four developmental stages: egg, caterpillar (larva), pupa, and adult. Eggs are often laid in groups on a leaf or on various greenhouse structures. The larvae or caterpillars have well-developed heads and strong jaws for chewing vegetation.
--DAMAGE--
Caterpillars eat almost continuously, except when they are molting. Damage is caused by the gluttonous eating habits of the caterpillars when leaves, flowers, fruit, and growing points are consumed.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS-
Adult butterflies and moths can be detected effectively with the help of pheromone traps. Biological control of caterpillars is possible with the Koppert products listed below. |
| FUNGUS GNATS(Sciara spp.): Fungus gnats are a problematic pest, especially in young plants. They can cause damage to seedlings, rootstock, and cuttings of many plant species. They are most often found in moist organic environments.
--BIOLOGY--
Fungus gnats go through seven developmental stages: egg, four larval stages, pupa, and adult. Adults are noticed when they appear in large numbers. Eggs are deposited in the soil, where all developmental stages take place. Larvae generally eat rotting plant material, algae, and fungi that are present in or on the soil.
--DAMAGE--
Fungus gnats can cause both direct and indirect damage. Direct damage occurs when the larvae graze on the plant's roots. Indirect damage occurs when the adults spread diseases (fungal spores and plant viruses) or pests such as mites and harmful nematodes.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Biological control of fungus gnat larvae is possible with the Koppert products listed below.
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| LEAFMINERS((Liriomyza trifolii (American serpentine leafminer), Liriomyza bryoniae (Tomato Leafminer), Liriomyza huidobrensis (Pea Leafminer), Liriomyza strigata): There are four leafminer species that have become common pests. Under normal conditions, several natural enemies effectively parasitize the larvae of these species. However, problems with leafminers have increased due to the widespread use of broad-spectrum pesticides. As with other pests, leafminers have developed a resistance to many of these chemicals.
--BIOLOGY--
Both leafminer goes through six developmental stages: egg, three larval stages, pupa, and adult. The adult leafminers are small yellow and black flies. The larvae form mines in the leaves of plants, visible as a lacework of white lines. Pupation primarily takes place in the soil.
--DAMAGE--
The larvae and female adults cause plant damage. The females make feeding marks in the leaves and lay eggs inside of them. As the larvae feed, they mine through the leaves reducing the amount of productive leaf surface area and eventually causing leaves to dry out completely. Indirect damage occurs when fungi or bacteria enter the feeding areas.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Biological control of leafminers is possible the Koppert products listed below.
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| MEALYBUG(Pseudococcus spp.): Mealybugs cause unsightly damage to many plants in the home, garden, and greenhouse.
--BIOLOGY--
This pest has five developmental stages in its life cycle. The females go through the following stages: egg, three nymphal stages, and adult. The males go through the egg stage, two nymphal stages, the false pupa stage, and adult stage. Mealybugs derive their name from the third larval stage onwards, when the female's body is covered with a white wax-like substance in the form of powder, filaments, and projections or plates.
--DAMAGE--
Nymphs and female adults cause plant damage. Adult male mealybugs do not feed. Most mealybug species feed on leaves, but some extract food from roots or form galls. Certain species may also transmit plant viruses.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Biological control of mealybugs is possible with the Koppert products listed below.
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| SPIDER MITE(Tetranychus urticae (Two Spotted Spider Mite)): Spider mites are pests in many crops. Their immense reproductive capacity enables them to cause enormous damage in a short period of time. In many crops, the two-spotted spider mite is the most detrimental pest. Other spider mite species can cause damage as well.
--BIOLOGY--
The spider mite goes through five stages of development: egg, larva, first nymphal stage (protonymph), second nymphal stage (deutonymph), and adult. All stages can be observed on the plant leaves. One of the characteristics of this pest is the fine webbing that is produced.
--DAMAGE--
When large numbers of spider mites are present, plants may be completely covered with webbing. Larvae, nymphs, and adults cause plant damage. This pest feeds on the underside of the leaves, causing yellow spots to appear. Damage may quickly become serious, leading to decreases in both growth and production. Subsequently, plants may easily die from a heavy infestation.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Biological control of spider mites is possible with the Koppert products listed below.
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| THRIPS(Frankliniella occidentalis (Western Flower Thrips), Thrips tabaci (Onion Thrips)): Both the western flower thrips and the onion thrips are major problems in many plants, especially ornamentals, sweet pepper, and cucumber.
--BIOLOGY--
Thrips go through six stages of development: egg, two larval stages, pre-pupa, pupa, and adult. Mature thrips are found in flowers and on leaves, where they deposit their eggs. In sweet pepper, the egg laying sites are easily recognized as wart-like deformities on the leaves. The larvae feed on all above ground parts of the plant and are extremely mobile. Pupation takes place on the ground.
--DAMAGE--
Thrips primarily cause damage to the plant by piercing and sucking dry leaf surface cells. As a result, photosynthesis is significantly reduced. At high pest densities, fruit damage can occur, e.g. in cucumber, damage to the young fruit causes distortions called "pig-tails". In ornamental plants, flowers and leaves may be scarred. Apart from this direct damage, thrips can also transmit plant viruses.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Biological control of thrips is possible with the Koppert products listed below.
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| TOMATO PINWORM((Keiferia lycopersicella)): Tomato Pinworm Larvae damage tomatoes by feeding on leaves, stems, and fruit. Initial injury usually appears as a small leaf mine. Later injury includes leaf curling. Mature larvae can bore into the fruit, leaving a small pin-size hole. Plant tissues usually becomes infected and the fruit rots. Seedlings may be killed by the tomato pinworm.
Tomato pinworm can be controlled by using the pheremone mating disruptor spirals, NO-MATE TPW. |
| BLACK VINE WEEVIL(Otiorhynchus spp.): The black vine weevil is a pest that can cause enormous damage in many ornamental crops. The larvae of the beetle are not easily controlled chemically: not only because they are hidden in the soil, but also because of their acquired resistance to many pesticides.
--BIOLOGY--
The black vine weevil goes through four stages of development: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Adult black vine weevils are "walkers", i.e. they cannot fly. They are particularly active at night, and will go almost unnoticed during the daylight hours. The larvae live in the soil where pupation also takes place.
--DAMAGE--
Both the adult weevil and the larvae damage plants. The adult weevil takes semi-circular bites from the edges of leaves, resulting in notching which decreases the ornamental value of the plant. The larvae, however, cause the most significant damage. Smaller larvae feed mainly on root hairs, while larger larvae feed on roots and the stem base. This greatly hinders growth, and eventually causes the plant to turn yellow and wither. One larva is enough to kill a plant if it girdles the base of the stem.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS
Biological control of the vine weevil is possible with the Koppert product listed below.
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| WHITEFLY(Bemisia tabaci (Sweet Potato Whitefly), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Greenhouse Whitefly)): Both the greenhouse whitefly and the sweet potato whitefly are major pests of many vegetable and ornamental crops. Due to its resistance to many insecticides, the sweet potato whitefly poses a particular threat to many crops.
--BIOLOGY--
The whitefly goes through six developmental stages: egg, first, second, third, and fourth larval stage (which develops into pupa) and adult. Adult whiteflies can usually be found in the top of the plant and on the undersides of young leaves, where they usually deposit their eggs. When shaking infested plants, adults will first fly, then return to the undersides of the leaves. Larvae are primarily found on the undersides of young leaves, though those of the sweet potato whitefly can occur on both young and old leaves. Pupae are typically found on the oldest leaves.
--DAMAGE--
Both whitefly adults and larvae extract food from the plant. The larvae, in particular, secrete honeydew while feeding; giving the crop a “dirty” appearance and causing both stunted growth and sticky unsightly fruit. Plant viruses may also be transmitted.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Biological control of whitefly is possible with the Koppert products listed below.
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| FLEAS(Siphonaptera): Adult fleas are mainly mammalian ectoparasites that require a blood meal before they are able to reproduce. Outdoor fleas are closely associated with the host's habitat, such as residential lawns, where they attack the host (dogs, cats, and humans) for food.
--BIOLOGY--
This hardy pest has 4 developmental stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Adult females are capable of laying over a thousand eggs in their lifetime. Eggs are laid on the host and shortly drop onto the lawn, where they hatch in 2 to 21 days, depending on temperature and humidity. The larvae then feed on organic material in the soil and, depending on temperature and the availability of forage, will pupate in one week to several months. Though the adult can emerge from the pupal stage in as little as one week, fleas can remain as pupae for up to 2 years, if harsh conditions exist. The lifespan of an adult flea is typically 2 to 3 months, but can last as long as 2 years when unfavorable conditions prevail.
--DAMAGE—
Fleabites can affect a host in a number of ways. Symptoms of a bite can range from a small welt to a body-wide rash that lasts for months. Fleas also transmit diseases that affect humans, such as plague and typhus.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS—
Biological control of outdoor fleas is possible with the Koppert products listed below. |
| MUSHROOM FLIES(Lycoriella auripila): Most mushrooms growers find mushroom flies to be a most challenging pest.
--BIOLOGY--
Mushroom flies go through seven developmental stages: egg, four larval stages, pupa, and adult. At a temperature of 76 degrees F, development from egg to adult takes approximately 21 days; at 61 degrees this takes twice as long. Adults invade mushroom buildings containing freshly pasteurized compost. They are attracted by the smell of the compost and growing mushrooms. Each female can lay up to 170 eggs in the substrate.
--DAMAGE--
Emerging larvae feed on compost, destroying structure and water retention capacity that inhibits growth and reduces yields. Larvae also feed on the developing mushrooms, making them unsaleable because of the damage that occurs. The adult flies are a constant nuisance to picking staff, and are known to be vectors of harmful funguses, bacteria, nematodes, and mites.
--BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS--
Yellow sticky traps (HORIVER) are effective in detecting and monitoring adult flies. Effective control of mushroom flies is possible with the Koppert products listed below.
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| VIRUSES(Various viruses): Viruses can cause significant plant damage. This picture shows damage to tomato plants from Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV). You can test plant suspect plant tissue with the Koppert Virus Test Kits listed below. |
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